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Multilingualism

Language contact

 
 
There is a certain phenomenon that is admitted by most of linguists called code switching. It is the process of swallowing between languages. It happens when a person substitutes the phrases of his own language with phrases from a co-existing language.

There is a certain phenomenon that is admitted by most of linguists called code switching. It is the process of swallowing between languages. It happens when a person substitutes the phrases of his own language with phrases from a co-existing language.

There exists a concept of communicate competence that defines the level of proficiency this or that person has in other (non-mother-tongue) languages. There are two types of communicate competence that is presently distinguished by modern linguists.

Multilingual regions

There exists a certain distinction of social and personal bilingualism (multilingualism). Certain countries that are regarded as multilingual may have monolingual groups and on the other hand monolingual states may have numerous multilingual population groups.

There is a list of countries that enjoy two or even more languages with an official one:

Lebanon has the official language of Arabic while French, Armenian and English are spoken in the same way.

Israel has the only official language of Jewish whereas it has a lot of other widely-spoken ones including Arabic, Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, etc.

Canada has the province of Quebec where there are two official languages declared: English and French.

In Europe, Switzerland has four official languages: French, German, Italian and Neo-Romanish.

Iraq which has the official language of Arabic, while the north of the country has Kurdish.

India proves to be the champion among all global regions demonstrating the highest existing number of official languages: there are 23 of them including Hindi and English. The largest proportion is shared by Hindi (about 50%) and English in urban territories mostly.

Among the greatest world cities whose citizens two or even more languages there are London, New York and Toronto in which dozens of languages can be heard, but the overwhelming majority is monolingual.

Language contact and change as a result usually takes place between minority and majority languages. It is the field of research connected with code switching and code mixing. The studies investigate the elements one language get completely integrated in elements of the other one (complete switch) and partially (partial switch).